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When practicing direct seeding on forest land there are practical recommendations considering among others Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) , Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ), birch, beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak in relation to the target species. There are, however, few recommendations available for seeding on farmland, although the factors associated with successful establishment are the same […]

In the semi-arid agricultural areas of the world, soil salinization is closely linked to the extensive use of artificial irrigation, which in combination with extended dry seasons, very quickly turns formerly productive areas practically into deserts. In the future, this effect will even increase due to the high demand of water from other non agriculture sectors (i. e. industry, overpopulated […]

Costa & Leal (2009) observed that in hydroponic production of lettuce, variety Vera, in three greenhouses, one without evaporative cooling and CO2 injection, another with injection of CO2 and without evaporative cooling and a third, with CO2 injection and evaporative cooling (acclimatized), the environment with evaporative cooling and CO2 injection promoted the best development of plants with larger leaves.

In previous text main groups of biotechnologically important metabolites used for enrichment of red yeast biomass were described. Mainly carotenoids, ergosterol, lipids and metal accumulation in red yeast cells makes them attractive for industrial applications.

The color on the woody carrier changed from light yellow to dark brown. Observation using a microscope revealed that biogenic Fe oxides produced by Fe-oxidizing bacteria had accumulated on the woody carrier (Fig. 8(a)). In many cases, the woody carriers were not easily visible because they had been completely covered by a mass of Fe oxides (Fig. 8(b)). Figure 9 […]

Daily kefir grain increase mass was studied using fresh HTP whole fat cow’s milk (Ljubljanske mlekarne d. d.) as a culture medium. Its chemical composition is 3.2 % proteins, 4.6 % carbohydrates, 3.5 % fat and 0.13 % calcium. 3D-(+) Glucose anhydrous (Fluka) was obtained from commercial sources. Kefir grains, used as inocolum in this study, originate from Caucasian Mountain […]

As was previously mentioned, the iMBR represents the most widely used configuration in large scale applications. This section gives some design and operation considerations including: i. Pre-treatment,

Protein (N x 5.70) content was determined by Kjeldahl method by automatic nitrogen analyzer (methodology ISO 1871:1975). Falling number was determined according to ISO 3093:2004. Gluten content was determined by Glutomatic according to ISO 7495:1990. Sedimentation index of wheat flour (Zeleny sedimentation test) was determined according ISO 5529:1992. Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectoliter" was performed according to […]

Environmental pollution, strictly interconnected to industrial spread, started in the most advanced countries. It is now diffused all over the world with a significant predominance in the emerging industrialized states. Varying factors contribute to the location of a large number of "potential polluting" industries in these countries due to the quite recent industrialization: source of raw materials (mines, forests, . […]

1.3.2 Bioethanol production from sweet sorghum Sweet sorghum is a crop for producing energy which not only produce food, but also energy, feed and fiber (Almodares & Hadi, 2009). The chief sugars present in sorghum are monosaccharides: glucose and fructose, and disaccharides: sucrose. Fermentable